This category lists suppliers and products related to Pumping and Piping Equipment such as boring and drilling equipment, brass goods, fire hydrants, hoses and pumps.

You can find:

Actuators                                    Boring and Drilling Equipment
Brass Goods                            Couplings
Dredging Equipment                Fire Hydrants
Flanges    Hoses
Line Stopping Machines        Microtunnelling Systems
Motor Protection Devices        Pipe Fittings
Pipe Repair Equipment        Pipeline Installation
Pipes                                        Pump and Pipe Spares
Pumps                                    Restrained Pipe Connections
Scouring Equipment            Sensors
Skimmers                            Tapping Machines
Turbines                                Valves

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More resource

If you are an engineering, you my like this article.You will learn:
Choosing the Right Valve
°Basic Gate Valve Design
°Basic Globe & Angle Valve Design
°Gate Valve Seating Designs
°Seating Materials
°Globe Valve Seating Designs
°Disc-Stem Connections
°Variations in Stem Operations
°Bonnet & Bonnet Joint Characteristics
°Basic Check Valve Designs
°Basic Ball Valve Designs
°Basic Butterfly Valve Designs
°The Common Materials of Which Valves Are Made
°How to Read Service Rating Marks

Let's start

What's So Important About Choosing the Right Valve?

Valves have long been more than just a simple device for turning on and shutting off flow.  Valve design has kept in step with industrial progress - the development of piping techniques, and the ever-growing list of fluids for processing, power, and finished product.

Progress in valve design puts at the piping engineer's elbow a great variety of valve types, each with some special qualification for service.  From these he may choose the right one to provide dependable and economical performance in each particular need.

It's a case of carefully matching up the valve's service characteristics with the service requirements.  It's a matter of knowing every detail of the job to be done - working pressure, temperature, fluid, volume of flow, corrosive elements, valve operating cycle, etc.  Other equally vital considerations are the original valve cost, installation cost, and, of course, the cost of maintenance.

Crane Co., as the world's leading valve manufacturer and supplier, helps customers with the problems of valve selection every day.  With this vast background of experience, Crane presents here as a helpful refresher for specifiers and buyers, the more important elements involved in choosing the right valve for the right job.
 
 
 

Principal Valve Types

Gate Valve

Commonly used in industrial piping, this type of valve, as a rule, should be used as a stop valve…to turn on and shut off the flow, as opposed to regulating flow.  It gets its name from the gate-like disc which operates at a right angle to the path of flow.
 
 

Globe and Angle Valves

The flow through globe valves follow a changing course, thereby causing increased resistance to flow and considerable pressure drop.  Because of the seating arrangements, globe valves are the most suitable for throttling flow.  The valve is named after its globular body.

Angle valves, similar in principle and a companion line to the globe, are designed to permit a 90 degree turn in piping and are less resistant to flow.
 
 

Check Valve

Sometimes referred to as the non-return valve, the check valve stops backflow in the piping.  Unlike the gate and globe valves, this simplest of types operates automatically.
 
 

Ball Valve

Unique in design, this valve controls the flow of a wide variety of fluids.  It can be opened or closed in a quarter-turn of the operating handle.  The name "ball" is derived from the ball-shaped disc located within the body.  A hole through the center of this disc provides the straight-through flow which is characteristic of ball valves. Light and durable, these are the valves that are playing increasingly important roles in our nation's missile projects, as well as in industry and commercial buildings.
 
 

Butterfly Valve

Here's a valve that is extremely durable, efficient and reliable.  The butterfly valve derives its name from the wing-like action of the disc which operates at right angles to the flow.  Its chief advantage is a seating surface which is not critical.  The reason for this being the disc impinges against a resilient liner to provide bubble tightness with low operating torque.

 

Gate valves are by far the most widely used in industrial piping.  That's because most valves are needed as stop valves - to fully shut off or fully turn on flow - the only job for which gate valves are recommended.

Gate valves are inherently suited for wide-open service.  Flow moves in a straight line, and practically without resistance when disc is fully raised.

Seating is perpendicular or at right angle to the line of flow - meets it head on.  That's one reason why gate valves are impractical for throttling service and for too frequent operation.

For instance, a 6-inch gate valve holding fluid at 300 psi, puts a load of over 4 tons on one side of the disc, if there is only atmospheric pressure on the other.  While seated tight, there's no wear or undue strain on disc or seats.  But each time the valve is "cracked open," there's a threat of wire drawing and erosion of seating surfaces by the high-velocity flow.

Repeated movement of disc near point of closure under high-velocity flow, may create a drag on seating surfaces and cause galling or scoring on downstream side.  A slightly opened disc may cause turbulent flow with vibration and chattering of disc.

A gate valve usually requires more turns - more work - to open it fully.  Also, unlike many globe valves, the volume of flow through the valve is not in direct relation to number of turns of handwheel.

Since most gate valves used have wedge disc with matching tapered seats, refacing or repairing of the seating surfaces is not a simple operation.

CONCLUSION:  Gate valves, while not designed for throttling or too frequent operation are generally ideal for services requiring full flow or no flow.
 
 

Gate valves are not designed for throttling

In a slightly opened position high-velocity flow will cause wire drawing and erosion of seating surfaces in gate valves.

Repeated movement of disc near point of closure under high-pressure flow may gall or score seating surfaces on downstream side.

Slightly opened disc in turbulent flow may cause troublesome vibration and chattering.

Unlike the perpendicular seating in gate valves, globe valve seating is parallel to the line of flow.  All contact between seat and disc ends when flow begins.  These are advantages for more efficient throttling of flow, with minimum wire drawing and seat erosion.

The directly proportionate relation of size of seat opening to number of turns of handwheel, a distinctive feature of plug-type globe valves, permits close flow regulation.  An operator can gauge the rate of flow by the number of turns of the wheel.

Shorter disc travel - with fewer turns required to operate globe valves - saves considerable time and work - also wear on valve parts.

Whatever wear occurs as the result of frequent or severe operation presents less of a maintenance problem than in gate valves.  Seat and disc in most globe valves can be repaired without removing the valve from the pipe line.

CONCLUSION:  Globe valves, while not recommended where resistance to flow and pressure drop would be objectionable, are generally ideal for throttling, and preferable for frequent operation.
 

Basic Angle Valve Design

The angle valve effectively utilizes globe valve seating principle while providing for a 90 degree turn in piping.  It is less resisting to flow than the globe valve it displaces.  Requires fewer joints;  saves makeup time and labor.

 Solid Wedge Disc

The most widely used disc in gate valves - the solid wedge-shaped disc - with matching tapered body seating surfaces.  Favored for its strong, simple design and single part.

Can be installed in any position without danger of jamming due to misalignment of parts.

Ideal for steam service, and well suited for water, air, oil, gas, and many other fluids.

Most practical for turbulent flow because there's nothing inside to vibrate and chatter.

Refacing of the tapered disc surfaces isn't easy, but there's little need for it is valve is used fully opened or fully closed.

Might be subject to some sticking when subjected to extreme temperature changes where body contracts more than disc.  For such conditions, Crane flexible wedge disc is recommended.
 
 

Double Disc

This parallel-faced double disc makes closure by descending between matching seats in valve body.  As the valve is being closed, a lower spreader (or in some cases, a disc wedge) strikes a stop in the bottom of the body.  Further closure brings the upper spreader into contact with the lower spreader so that the discs are forced outward against the seats.

First opening movement releases discs, and continued operation raises them clear of seat openings.

Widely used on water service, in waterworks and sewage disposal plants;  also on oil and gas, in cross-country pipe lines.

Generally unsuited for steam.  Rapid expansion and high velocity of steam flow tend to vibrate loose internal parts in disc assembly, hastening wear.

Exposure of closed valve to rise in external temperature may cause dangerous increase in internal pressure, if non-compressible liquid is trapped between discs.

Because discs and body seats are perpendicular and parallel, repairing or refacing to compensate for wear is easier than on a tapered wedge disc.

Should be installed with stem above horizontal for best results.  Many spreader mechanisms are subject to jamming when installed with stem below horizontal line.

Their Service Characteristics

Flexible Wedge Disc

Developed especially to overcome sticking in high-temperature service with extreme temperature changes.  The shape of the flexible disc can be likened to two wheels on a very short axle.  The "axle" or spud at the center of the disc is amply strong to carry the two halves of the disc together at all times…and yet, it permits a degree of action between them.  It is this "flexibility" that makes the disc tight on both faces over a wide range of pressures…prevents sticking during temperature changes, and assures minimum operating torque.

Although each disc face can move independently of the other…up to two full degrees…the construction is one-piece.  There are no loose parts to cause harmful vibration.
 
 

Split Wedge Disc

A 2-piece, wedge disc that seats between matching tapered seats in body.

Spreader device is simple, and integral with disc halves.

When closing, last turn of handwheel forces discs against the seats.  When opening, the first turn releases the discs from the seats.
 

For relatively low pressure and temperatures and for ordinary fluids, seating materials are not a particularly difficult problem.  Bronze and iron valves usually have bronze or bronze-faced seating surfaces, or iron valves may be all iron.  Nonmetallic "composition" discs are available for tight seating on hard-to-hold fluids such as air or gasoline.

As pressures and temperatures increase or as the service becomes severe, careful consideration must be given to many factors, no one which can be overemphasized to the detriment of others.  Long, trouble-free life requires the proper combination of hardness, wear-resistance, resistance to corrosion, erosion, galling, seizing, and temperature.  Nor does it follow that a satisfactory combination in one instance will serve equally well in all others.  Type of valve is a limiting factor, too.

Selection of seating materials for corrosive fluids, regardless of pressure-temperature, is almost endless.  Included are many types of alloys, as well as linings or coatings of many kinds.
 
 

Valve Catalog your best guide

Safest policy in specifying seating materials is in close adherence to valve manufacturer's recommendations, usually found in catalogs, otherwise supplied on request.

Long taper with corresponding seat, giving a wide area of seating contact, makes the plug-type disc superior to all others for severe throttling service, such as blow-off, soot-blower, boiler feed.

Because of wide seat bearing, most cuts and nicks by dirt, scale, and other foreign matter in flow are seldom big enough to cause leakage.

Plug disc shape, in proper combination of metals for service, is most effective in resisting erosive effects of close throttling.

Construction permits replacement of seat if necessary.
 
 

Conventional (ordinary) Disc

A good seating design for many not-too-severe services, but not for close throttling.

Disc has relatively narrow contact with body seat - virtually a line bearing.  This narrow metal area, in closely throttled high-velocity flow, is subject to erosion and wire-drawing.

Deposit of particles of foreign matter on seat makes tight closure virtually impossible.

Yet uniform deposit on seat, such as coking action in oil refineries, is more easily broken down by the narrow bearing.  It makes a tight metal-to-metal contact easier than a wide seat.

Seat and disc can be conveniently serviced.

Needle point valves are designed to give fine control of flow in small-diameter piping.  Their name is derived from their sharp-pointed conical disc and matching seat.  They come in globe and angle patterns, in bronze and steel, and find usage on steam, air, water, oil, gas, light liquid, fuel oil, and similar services.

Stem threads are finer than usual so that considerable movement of stem is required to increase or decrease opening through seat.

Usually, these valves have reduced seat diameter in relation to pipe size.
 

Their Service Characteristic

 Composition Disc

A useful design in bronze and iron valves for adaptability to many services and for quick repairs.

Discs available in compositions suitable for steam, hot water, cold water, oil, air, gas, gasoline, and many other fluids.  Disc change is quickly made with slip-on disc holder.

Highly regarded for dependable, tight seating on hard-to-hold fluids such as compressed air.  Flat face relatively "soft" disc seats against a raised crown in body.

Small particles of foreign matter are imbedded in disc, preventing seat damage and leakage.

Suited for all moderate pressure services except close regulating and throttling, which can rapidly cut out the disc.

It is well to note and remember the angle valve when looking for globe valves.  If there's a right angle turn in the line near where you need a valve, an angle pattern gives you important advantages.

It's available with the same seating variations as shown here for globe valves:  plug-type disc, conventional, and composition disc.

Has considerably reduced turbulence, restriction of flow, and pressure drop because flow makes one less change of direction than in globe valve.

Angle valve cuts down on piping installation time, labor, and materials, also reduces number of joints or potential leaks by serving as a valve and a 90 degree elbow.

In Gate Valves

In a gate valve, the sole function of the stem is to raise and lower the disc.  In doing its job, the stem should not be subject to corollary stresses and strains of service conditions on the disc.

Thus, with gate valves, especially those used for higher pressure installations, a relatively loose disc-stem connection is desired.

If the connection were rigid, any side thrust on the disc caused by pressure and flow, would readily be transmitted to the stem, and tend to strain and possibly bend it.

A properly fitted loose connection relieves strain on the stem due to any lateral movement of the disc.
 
 

In Globe Valves

The stem in a globe valve not only raises and lowers the disc, but also must help guide it squarely to its seat.

Thus, unlike a gate valve, the globe valve disc-stem connection must be relatively close fitting to prevent any extreme lateral motion of the disc that would cause it to cock and seat improperly.

But, once the disc and seat are joined, the disc must stop turning while seating is completed by the stem.  This will avoid metal-to-metal friction between disc and seat that would be destructive to seating surfaces.

The solution to this need is a swivel action in globe valve disc-stem connections, which permits true and tight seating without damage to seating surfaces.

Although in many valve applications the type of stem operation makes little or no difference, in other cases it can be important.  A simple example of the latter is the need for a self-indicator to show open or closed position, as in the case of rising stem valve, or, conversely, the need for a non-rising stem valve because of lack of head room.  This shows how stem operating designs are adapted to service needs.
 
 

Rising Stem with Outside Screw

On both valves shown here, whether opened or closed, the stem threads always remain outside the valve body.  They are not subjected to corrosion, erosion, sediment, or any elements in the line fluid that might damage stem threads inside the valve body.  Being outside, they can be lubricated easily when necessary.
 
 

Rising Stem with Inside Screw

This is the simplest and most common stem construction for gate, globe, and angle valves in the smaller sizes.  Stem turns and rises on threads inside the valve.  Position of handwheel indicates position of disc - opened or closed.
 
 

Non-rising Stem with Inside Screw

Generally used on gate valves only, this stem does not rise, but merely turns with handwheel.  In turning, the stem threads raise or lower the disc.  Since stem only rotates, packing wear is less.  Ideal where head room is limited.
 
 

Sliding Stem is Often Useful

The sliding stem valve is useful where quick opening and closing are wanted.  A lever takes the place of the handwheel, and stem threads are eliminated.  Available in both gate and globe valves.
 
 

Stuffing Box Designs Featured on CRANE Valves

Stuffing box must effect a tight seal around the stem to retain pressure inside piping system.  Stem must be tight without binding.  Packing is subject to wear and must be periodically compressed and eventually replaced.
 

1. Packing Nut without Gland

   Used on low-pressure and small-size valves.  With wheel and packing nut removed, this type is easier to repack than ordinary gland type on valves with small diameter stem.
    
    
    

2. Packing Nut with Gland

   Conventional type packing nut with loose gland.  Gland has small lip at top edge so that it can be pried out with screwdriver tip if jammed all the way down.
    
    
    

3. Bolted Gland

   Deep stuffing box with two-piece ball-type gland and flange with swing-type eye bolts.  Construction maintains an even load on the packing and prevents binding on the stem even when the gland bolt nuts are pulled up unevenly.
    
    
    

4. Injection Type

   Add new packing with the twist of a wrench, even under full rated line pressure, and with the disc in any position!  No need to backseat the disc.  The specially designed ball check valve eliminates possibility of packing extrusion.  When the packing reservoir is empty, simply back out the adjustment screw and insert a new pack stick.
    
    
    

5. Lantern Type

   Superior construction for larger-size high pressure-temperature valves.  Cooling chamber with lantern spacer and three rings of packing below to wipe stem clean before it passes into the sealing rings above.  Two-piece ball-type gland and flange with swing-type eye bolts.

Which is best?

In choosing valves, the service characteristics of the bonnet joint should not be overlooked.  Bonnets and bonnet joints must provide a leakproof closure for the body.  There are many modifications, but the three most common types are screwed-in bonnet, screwed union ring bonnet, and bolted bonnet.
 

The simplest and least expensive construction, frequently used on bronze gate, globe, and angle valves, and recommended where frequent dismantling is not needed.

When properly designed with running threads, and carefully assembled, the screwed-in bonnet makes a durable pressure-tight seal, suited for many services.  On modified steel valve designs such as the lip-seal valve with a weld around the periphery of the body-bonnet juncture, the screwed-in bonnet withstands even high pressures and temperatures.
 
 

Screwed Union Ring Bonnet

A good choice for quick dismantling and reassembly - yet a strong, well-reinforced joint.

Convenient where valves need frequent inspection or cleaning - also for quick renewal or changeover of disc in composition disc valves.

Separate union ring applies direct load on bonnet to hold a pressure-tight joint with body.  Turning motion used to tighten ring is spent between shoulders of the ring and bonnet.  Hence, the point of seal contact between bonnet and body is less subject to wear from frequent opening of the joint.  Contact faces are less likely to be injured in handling.  Union ring gives the body added strength and rigidity against internal pressure and distortion.  While ideal on smaller-size valves, it is impractical on large sizes.
 
 

Bolted Bonnet Joint

A practical and commonly used joint for larger-size valves or for higher pressure applications.

Adaptable to all types of gasketing.

Multiple bolting, with small diameter bolts, permits equalized sealing pressure without the excessive torque needed to make large threaded joints.  Only small wrenches are needed.

Has practically no limitation for size.  Only the highest pressures and temperatures tax its capacity to permanently hold tight.
 
 

Lip-Seal Bonnet Joint

Crane's lip seal design features simplicity.  The body and bonnet are screwed together until a firm metal-to-metal contact is made between the smoothly machined, flat surfaces on the shoulder of the bonnet and the top of the body.  The shoulder of the bonnet is smaller in diameter than the mating area of the body, thus permitting the use of a fillet form of seal weld around the periphery of the connection.  Dismantling is accomplished by grinding off the fillet weld and unscrewing the bonnet.  The design makes possible compact, relatively lightweight valves ideal for high pressure-temperature services.  Absolute tightness, full seating area, and freedom from bonnet joint maintenance are other advantages.
 
 

CRANE Pressure-Seal Bonnet Joint

Newest and most effective bonnet joint, developed by Crane, for sealing the highest pressures and temperatures, especially in steam service.

Tightness of seal does not depend on nuts, bolts, and threads as in conventional bonnet joints.  Instead, Crane Pressure-Seal bonnet joint utilizes line fluid pressure to seal the joint.  The greater the pressure, the tighter the seal.

The actual joint is inside the valve, and is sealed with a wedge-shaped seal ring.  Internal fluid pressure acting on the entire underside area of the bonnet, is concentrated at the smaller contacting area of the wedge-shaped ring to make a pressure-tight metal-to-metal joint.

Available in gate, globe, angle, check and stop-check valves.

The Swing Check…companion for gate valves

Swing checks work automatically as shown here.  But whether used in a horizontal line or vertical line for upward flow, they will not function properly unless installed with pressure under the disc.

Flow through swing checks is in a straight line and without restriction at the seat, similar to a gate valve.  This similarity in effect on flow is the reason for generally using swing checks in lines in combination with gate valves.

The Lift Check…companion for globe valves

Lift checks also operate automatically by line pressure.  They should be installed with pressure under the disc.

Like the globe valve with its indirect line of flow, the lift check is restricting to flow.  For this reason it is generally used as a companion to globe valves.

The advantages of quarter-turn ball valves are well established.  Straight-through flow, minimum turbulence, low torque, tight closure and compactness are only a few of many reasons for their wide popularity among users.  Reliable operation, easy maintenance and long-life economy justify their extensive application.  Industrial, chemical, petrochemical, refinery, pulp and paper, gas transmission, water works and sewage, and power plants are utilizing ball valves where other types of valves have proven inadequate.  Crane Co. manufactures a broad line of ball valves for practically any service requirement;  listed below are basic designs.
 
 

Capsule types

Both the Hydro Gem and the Gem Valve feature a top-entry capsule design providing easy "in-line" maintenance, if ever required.

The Crane "GEM" ball valve can be readily and practically adapted to a variety of installations on gas, water, and oil lines where fluid temperature is reasonably constant. The nature of its construction together with the replaceable capsule assembly make this valve ideal for tight spot installations. The Buna N two-piece capsule encasing the ball can be replaced without removing the valve from the line with only a screwdriver or small wrench. This inexpensive bronze valve is available in small sizes with screwed or solder-joint ends. It is designed without a packing nut in sizes 3/4-inch and smaller, and with a packing nut in larger sizes.

HYDRO GEM valves offer many of the same fine features as the Gem valve. However, to better meet the demands of "fluctuating temperature" applications, Hydro Gem valves feature a synthetic elastomer capsule compounded especially for water service. This elastoer…ethylene-propylene-terpolymer (commonly known as "EPT")…retains its resiliency and stability over a broad temperature range. All sizes have a bonnet gasket and packing box. Hydro Gem valves are an ideal choice for almost any water application within their pressure-temperature range. They are particularly suitable in water services subject to temperature fluctuations…and are unexcelled for use in hydronic heating/cooling systems.
 
 

End entry type

Crane TORK-SEAL ball valves are the low-cost dependable choice for tough applications in chemical, petroleum, and industrial installations. One-piece body coupled with end entry design virtually eliminates all potential leakage to atmosphere. Internally-loaded TFE (tetrafluoroethylene) seats, one on each side of the ball, are securely retained in the body by one or two threaded ferrules, depending on size. Unique stuffing box design utilizes a packing nut, spring washers, and a gland to maintain a sustained pressure on the packing…assures a tight stem seal. Available in a wide range of sizes in stainless steel, carbon steel or bronze…and with screwed, 150-pound flanged, or 300-pound flanged ends.
 
 

Cartridge type

Crane "Accesso" ball valves are excellent shutoff valves for steam, water, and oil, as well as for a wide variety of flammable and hazardous liquids and gases. They control the flow of a multitude of products in industrial and process piping in chemical plants, petroleum lines, utility installations, power plants and general industrial plants. They feature cartridge type seating assemblies which simplify fast-in-line maintenance service. Furnished with screwed ends in stainless steel, carbon steel or bronze in sizes 1/4 through 2-inch.
 

The Crane "MONARCH" butterfly valve incorporates the most desirable engineering features with the best suited materials into a valve that is efficient, durable, and reliable. Crane provides a selection of sizes from 2 through 24-inches with a choice of three body styles, molded-in or cartridge seats, five types of operators and a variety of component material combinations.

Butterfly valves have widespread usage, and with an ever increasing number of new applications being determined, their popularity is rapidly increasing. In paper mills and cement mills, chemical and food processing plants, water filtration plants, petroleum product lines, air conditioning and water control…in fact, practically anywhere there is a flow of fluid there is a use for Crane "MONARCH" valves.

These valves are rated for temperatures up to 180°F and are bubble-tight at pressures up to 200 psi for 2 through 12-inch sizes –150 psi for 14 through 24-inch sizes. The Buna-N seat is scientifically dimensioned to give maximum resiliency under the seating land of the disc. Other seat materials also are available.

This permits optimum disc impingement for greater seat tightness, without overstressing the liner. The disc edge is precision ground, finished and hand polished to assure long life and trouble-free operation.

All Crane "MONARCH" butterfly valves are compact and space saving. They are easily installed in new piping or readily used as replacements in existing piping.
 
 

Wafer Type Body

The wafer type valve is designed for quick installation between pipe flanges. No gasket is needed because the molded-in seat is lapped over into a recess in both faces of the body ends. This portion of the seat is a labyrinth type of heavy multiple ribs of buttressed design and serves as a seal between the valve and pipe flanges. Bolt holes are provided in the body of valves 14-inch and larger to facilitate alignment with pipe flanges.
 
 

Wafer Lug Type

Wafer lug type valves, except for their lugs completely around the body, are the same design as wafer type valves. In some lug type designs, the lugs are simply drilled to match ANSI (American National Standard Institute) 150-Pound Steel (and 125-Iron) drilling templates. Crane drills and taps the lugs so that when the valve is closed, upstream piping can be left intact while downstream piping is dismantled for cleaning, revamping, etc…or, if the valve is utilized for pipe-end applications, only one pipe flange is necessary.
 
 

Two-Flange Type Body

The two-flange type valve, except for body and seat design, is the same as the wafer type. The seat is not lapped over the body ends, and a gasket is required as a seal between the pipe flanges and body flanges.

It pays to know the range of materials from which valves are usually made, and to understand the pressure, temperature, and structural limitations of each material. It may be highly unsafe to use materials for services beyond their recommended maximum.

Valves commonly used in industry fall into the four general material groups shown below. Variants in each of these groups have individual service characteristics.
 
 

Bronze

Crane Steam Bronze is widely used in valves and fittings for temperatures up to 450°F. It is an alloy of copper, tin, lead, and zinc.

Crane Special Bronze is a high-grade copper-base alloy used in piping equipment for higher pressures and for temperatures up to 550°F.
 
 

Iron

Crane Cast Iron is regularly made in three grades - Cast Iron, Ferrosteel, and High Tensile Iron. These metals are recommended for temperatures up to 450°F.

Cast Iron is commonly used for small valves having light metal sections.

Crane Ferrosteel, stronger than cast iron, is used for valves having medium metal thicknesses.

High Tensile Iron has even greater strength, and is used principally for large size castings.
 
 

Malleable Iron

Malleable Iron used in valves is characterized by pressure tightness, stiffness, and toughness, the latter property being an especially valuable one for piping materials subjected to stresses and shock.
 
 

Steel

Steel is recommended for high pressures and temperatures and for services where working conditions, either internal or external, may be too severe for bronze or iron. Its superior strength and toughness, and its resistance to piping strains, vibration, shock, low temperature, and damage by fire afford reliable protection when safety and utility are desired. Many different types of steel - cast, forged, alloy - are both necessary and available because of the widely diversified services steel valves perform.
 
 

Ductile Iron

Crane Nodular Cast Iron, also known as ductile iron is cast iron with the graphite substantially in spherical shape and reasonably free of flake graphite. This results in a cast iron having high strength and good ductility. The corrosion resistance of nodular iron is approximately the same as that of gray iron. Strength is about 3 times greater.
 
 

Stainless Steel

Crane Stainless Steel Castings are heat treated for maximum corrosion resistance, high strength, and good wearing properties. Seating surfaces, stems, and discs of stainless steel are well suited for severe services where foreign materials in the fluids handled could have adverse effects. Stainless steel has excellent resistance to wear, seizure, galling erosion, and oxidation.
 

Recommended pressure ratings for Crane products are included on the catalog page or pages pertaining to those products and, practically all products excepts gas stops are marked with the recommended basic working pressure.

If the product is marked with numerals not followed by a letter suffix, the marking denotes the basic steam pressure rating at the maximum temperature indicated on the page describing the product. If the marking consists of numerals followed by the letters G, L, O, S, or W, either individually or collectively, it denotes the gas, liquid, oil, steam, or water service pressure rating, respectively, at the maximum temperature indicated on the page describing the product.

Valves with leather or composition faced discs are exceptions to the foregoing. These valves use bodies which are regularly marked with a basic steam rating…but the valves should be used only for services for which the type of disc facing is recommended.

Test pressure markings, where used, are followed by the word "TEST".

More details at http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/CIV240/lesson28.htm

FPSO Vessel Conversion

As-builts with Leica HDS3000 and Cyclone Software

"I don’t think it's even possible to do a project like this using traditional methods, but if it be done I believe it would take 30 to 40 times longer to create a 3D model with similar coverage and accuracy as the laser scanned model we created." Gunnar Dirdal, M Sc, General Manager Capnor AS Laser Scanning Services   Solution Excerpt:  "Marathon Petroleum Company (Norway) is converting the Multipurpose Shuttle Tanker (MST) Odin, renamed “Alvheim”, to an FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading) vessel to serve the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The Alvheim development is operated by Marathon Petroleum Company (Norway) (65%), with working interest owners ConocoPhillips (20%) and Lundin Petroleum (15%). Built in 2001 by Izar (formerly Astilleros Espanoles), the vessel was received by Marathon from Statoil in January 2005. It has an overall length of 252m and 42m beam; after conversion, the vessel will have a storage capacity of 560,000 barrels of oil. The Alvheim FPSO project has six main elements: drilling and completion of wells; installation of sub-sea infrastructure; construction of the Turret Mooring and Swivel (TMS) system; hull upgrade; topsides and integration; and Operations readiness. This hull upgrade is being performed at Keppel Shipyard in Singapore. Topside and Integration is undertaken by Vetco Aibel, with the work mainly being performed in Norway.  To address the many design issues and reduce the risk of construction interferences, the engineering team selected Aveva's VANTAGE PDMS 3D design system. However, before design could begin, two significant obstacles had to be overcome-the lack of accurate as-built drawings and the desire for a 3D as-built model for use in PDMS. To address these needs, Capnor Laser Scanning Services (formerly Hi-CAD Norway), headquartered in Stavanger, Norway with offices in Krakow, Poland, and Houston, Texas, USA, was awarded a contract to use laser scanning to acquire as-built data and create an accurate 3D surface model from the scans." To read more of the Leica Geosystems TruStory, "FPSO Vessel Conversion As-builts with Leica HDS3000 and Cyclone," download the case study in PDF format below.

Via: http://www.leica-geosystems.com/

This news is about Ca Ngu Vang oilfield, oilfield offshore Ba Ria – Vung Tau

Ca Ngu Vang (Gold Tuna) oilfield offshore Ba Ria – Vung Tau began its production at an initial rate of 20,000 b/d of oil and 50 MMcf/d of wet gas.

Ca Ngu Vang is operated by Hoan Vu Joint Operating Co., a joint venture in which PetroVietnam Exploration Production Co. holds 50 percent interest. UK-based SOCO and Thailand's PTTEP hold 25% each in the joint venture.

The oilfield, which is located in the Cuu Long Basin on the continental shelf off Ba Ria-Vung Tau, was discovered in 2002.

Ca Ngu Vang, with four drilling wells, is scheduled to exploit during 20 years. After being tapped in Ca Ngu Vang, oil and gas will be delivered via two 26-kilometer (16-mile) undersea pipelines to a satellite platform in the nearby Bach Ho field.

Crude oil will be stored in floating storages and gas will be delivered via undersea pipelines to processing plants in Long Hai, Logn Dien District, Ba Ria – Vung Tau Province.

Via (CPV)

QATAR. Qatar and Vietnam have signed an agreement to set up a joint fund with a capital of US$1 billion to facilitate investments in both countries.

Vietnamese Ambassador in Doha Phung The Long said Qatar’s contribution to the fund, through Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), would be US$900 million and the balance would come from his country.

The two sides have discussed co-operation in oil & gas as well as agriculture. Already, “we have exchanged ideas about setting up an animal farm for breeding cattle and lambs,” the Ambassador said.
 
Vietnam has the potential to become a regional oil and gas supplier. Ongoing explorations have led to several oil and gas discoveries in recent years. Consequently, the government highly prioritises investments in both upstream and downstream production, which makes it an interesting market for Middle East companies.

Vietnam ranks the fourth in oil production among Asian countries, trailing only China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Provided that the current rate of development continues, Vietnam will become the world's 30th largest oil-producing nation. And perhaps the most interesting aspect about Vietnam, its gas reserves seems even more promising than its oil reserves.

Vietnams oil and gas industry has undergone a significant development since the first oil was produced from the Bach Ho oil field in 1986. Until then, Vietnam’s economy relied heavily on imported petroleum products from the Soviet Union. Later on, as Vietnam started exploration of its reserves, The Soviet Union also provided the equipment and expertise in all areas of production.

To date, Vietnam has produced 220 million tons of crude oil and 37 billion cubic metres of natural gas bringing a turn over of US$ 53 billion and contributing US$ 30 billion to the state’s budget.

Up to December 2007, the industry has attracted approximately US$5.8 billion of foreign capital for exploration and production. Additionally, a large amount of capital has been invested in the downstream sector and related infrastructure. Having no refinery capacity of its own yet, Vietnam exports all of its crude production and imports fuels and petrochemical products. In 2007, Vietnam exported over US$8.8 billion of crude oil mostly to Australia, Singapore, US, Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Meanwhile, refined products imports are over US$7.7 billion, more than a half of which was from Singapore.

Overall, Vietnam’s oil and gas reserves seem attractive. Comparatively, the gas reserves are considered more promising than known oil reserves with large confirmed amounts of gas in Vietnamese waters. Oil and gas has been found in 60 fields, of which more than 20 commercial fields have been developed.

To date, 57 oil and gas contracts have been signed between the Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group (PVN) and its foreign counterparts. Foreign companies active on the market mostly operate under Product Sharing Contracts (PSCs) or Joint Operating Contracts/Companies (JOCs) or Business Co-operation Contracts (BCCs) with PVN with registered investment capital of more than USD 7 billion. The international players are companies such as Shell, Total, BP, Mobil, Conoco Phillip, Unocal, among others. At present, 22 of the 57 oil and gas contracts have been completed and the remaining 35 contracts are being implemented.

Vietnam has 3.1 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. However, the exploration in Vietnam continues to yield new discoveries and the reserves may amount to 4.5 billion barrels. Currently, Vietnam has seven operating oil fields; Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rong (Dragon), Rang Dong (Aurona), Hon Ngoc (Ruby), Dai Hung (Big Bear), Bunga and Kekwa. Most oil exploration and production activities occur offshore in the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basin.

In 2006, crude oil production averaged 390,000 barrels per days (bpd), of which the Bach Ho was account for more than a half (200,000 bpd). Despite the Su Tu Den (Black Lion) crude field in October 2003 founded and owned by PetroVietnam in the drilling process as well as new finds in 2005-2007 (such as Su Tu Trang, White Lion field; Su Tu Vang, Golden Lion field; and Su Tu Nau, Brown Lion field) provide long-term output potential, the country is, however, hard to maintain these higher production levels of crude oil in the coming years and unlikely to exceed 360,000 bpd by the end of 2011 as predicted by the Business Monitor International. The main reason of its limited production capacity is due to lack of technology and investment.

Currently, Vietnam has no operating refineries, and consequently most fuels and other oil products (lubricant, bitumen) consumed in the country have to be imported. However, PetroVietnam is in the process of building its first refinery, named Dung Quat refinery, and expected to be in operation in 2009. The US$ 1.5 billion refinery is located in Quang Ngai province. It will have a yearly capacity of 6.5 million tonnes of oil (130,000 bpd), producing an estimated 3 millionn tonnes of diesel, 1.8 millionn tonnes of gasoline, 400,000 tonnes of jet fuel, among other products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and propylene. PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft of Russia each hold a 50% stake in the 25-year project.

In May 2005 Petro Vietnam and the French oil company Technip signed a contract for building the main part of the refinery. Other contractors in the consortium include the Japanese engineering company JGC and Spain's Technicas Reunidas.

Moreover, in October 2006 Petro Vietnam and its partner, Idenmitsu (Japan), completed an updated feasibility study on a setting up a Joint Venture for its second refinery project. The proposed US$ 5.25 billion Nghi Son petrochemical and oil refining complex will have a processing capacity of 180,000 bpd, and will be located in Thanh Hoa province, north of Hanoi. It should be operational by 2013. The refinery will use 100% imported crude oil from Kuwait.

This project is of great importance and it is expected to act as a catalyst for the Vietnamese economy in general and the northern Central provinces in particular, not only promoting the domestic petrochemical and commodity producing industries, but also ensuring energy security.

Finally, the government is approved for building a third refinery at Vung Ro in the southern Phu Yen province. The refinery will have a minimum capacity of 7 million tonnes per year and will be put into operation by 2015. The refinery will process mainly imported crude oil and only partly use oil domestically produced. Regarding the mode of investment, the Prime Minister of Vietnam, Nguyen Tan Dung, allowed a joint venture, a wholly foreign invested or a domestically invested entity to run the project.

In this context, it should also be noted that PetroVietnam has extended its focus beyond these huge projects. In terms of refineries, VTN-P Petrochemical Joint Venture Co is opening a small-scale refinery on a trial basis in the Mekong Delta City of Can Tho. The refinery may serve as a pilot-project for similar projects.

In addition, PetroVietnam’s business strategy includes oil-processing projects, which require smaller investment and shorter time for implementation. Moreover, as new refineries comes on-stream and begin consuming domestic crude supplies, crude oil exports is assumed to tumble to just 45,000 bpd in 2011 in comparison with 427,000 bpd in 2004.

In term of natural gas, Vietnam has proven gas reserves of 700 billion cubic metres (bcm), but it is expected to contain up to 3,000-4,000 bcm. Vietnam natural gas production is increasing steadily with further increases expected as additional fields come on-stream and in despite of current limited local demand as well as infrastructure. In 2007, Vietnam produced around 6.86 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas. According to Business Monitor International’s forecast, the production is expected to reach 17 bcm by 2010.

The Cuu Long basin, a source of associated gas from oil production, is the largest Vietnamese production area of natural gas. Only two fields have been developed specifically for their natural gas potential: Tien Hai, with a potential output of 1,76 million cubic feet per day (mmcf/d) and Lan Tay/Lan Do of Nam Con Son with a production of 5 mmcf/d. Naturally, this strategy of raising gas production will require a substantial development of the infrastructure transporting the energy.

Pipelines are being built with surplus capacity to accommodate new discoveries and rising consumption later in the decade. The BP-operated Lan Tay gas fields are expected to produce for 15 years. Gas deliveries commenced in 2002 and rose sharply in the last few years. BP in 2005 increased its gas supplies from the Nam Con Son project to around 3bcm. The group is apparently considering a second Vietnamese gas pipeline to cope with increasing supply and demand.

In December 2002, a consortium headed by South Korea’s KNOC signed an agreement to install facilities to be used to pump and supply up to 3.7 millionn cubic metres per day (mcm/d) of gas, located in the Rong Doi and Rong Doi Tay fields. This gas will be purchased by PetroVietnam for 23 years. Sales commenced in 2005. PetroVietnam is in turn expected to sell the gas to Electricity of Vietnam (EVN).

Earlier this year, PetroVietnam announces that it will build and bring the US$70 million Phu My gas pipeline project from Phu My to Nhon Trach into operation in the first quarter of 2008 . The pipeline was initially planned to transport associated gas from the Bach Ho and Rong fields for power generation.

The Vietnamese government controls both the oil and gas upstream and downstream sectors. PetroVietnam, now named the Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group (PVN), is the dominant player on the market. It has a full monopoly on all upstream exploration and exploitation and plays a significant role in downstream operations as well. Any foreign oil company working on upstream projects will have to deal with PVN in some capacity.

The central management of PVN is located in Hanoi. The group, as a parent company, will hold 100% of charter capital from six subsidiaries and half of the charter capital from 11 other affiliates in line with the current Prime Minister’s Decision stipulating the group’s organistional and operational regulations.

PVN is in the process of adding seven to ten new oil & gas fields from 2005 to 2010 in order to secure national energy demand. In the production sector, PVN aims at maintaining the oil production from current fields and to triple gas production from developing fields.

PVN also increases concentration on construction of infrastructure, especially to develop the gas market (power plants, petrochemical plants) to meet with potential gas supply. The refinery projects previously mentioned are explicit means to pursue this strategy.

For 2008, PVN plans to attain an output of 23.5 million tonnes of oil equivalent, including 16 million tonnes of crude oil, 7.5 billion cubic metres of gas, and 740,000 tonnes of fertiliser. The group also plans to supply enough gas to fuel electricity projects and people’s consumption.

Production wise, the strategy is to double volume of the Su Tu Den oil field, Vietnam's second largest oil field, and to keep the production at around 150 mmbo and 250 billion cubic feet of gas.

To exploit the gas and oil fields off the southwest coast of Vietnam, the group has set up the Southwest Gas Project, which is expected to supply gas to the national Ca Mau Gas-Power-Fertilizer Complex in the southernmost Ca Mau Province and to neighboring economic zones.

In order to implement its strategy, PVN expects to invest around US$15 billion to US$21 billion until the year 2020. With regards to foreign investment in the industry, international oil company upstream involvement is significant, in partnership with PVN. While Russian state company Zarubezhneft is the biggest foreign oil producer, in the Vietsovpetro JV with the group, BP is now the leading IOCs in terms of investment, followed by Petronas and ConocoPhillips.

Most of Vietnam’s crude oil is lifted from the Rong (Dragon) and Bach Ho (White Tiger) fields by the joint venture company Vietsovpetro. This is a 50-50 joint venture between PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft, a company formed under the former Soviet Union. This is the sole joint venture company in upstream exploitation. It has been lifting oil in the Bach Ho field since 1986. It has the only operational gas pipeline and delivers roughly two to three million cubic feet of gas per day to Vung Tau.

Overall the Vietnamese oil and gas industry shows promising potential. There is a need for future investments in both upstream and downstream production in order to tap the country’s recourses effectively.

Regarding upstream operations, the opportunities appear large. The ongoing explorations continue to yield new discoveries of oil and gas reserves. PVN is increasingly aiming at attracting foreign investments for locating and tapping oil and gas reserves and to effectively implement contracts signed with foreign partners.

However the field is competitive and contract-negotiations lengthy. Moreover, there is no separate petroleum authority, meaning that PVN determines the rules of the game, but is at the same time a commercial enterprise. Several foreign organisations have, however, lobbied heavily for improved operating conditions for oil and gas companies, and the efforts have resulted in some improvements of the business climate.

Regarding machinery and services, Vietnam has shown a strong demand for basic and less expensive products. Due to this strong and increasing demand, a substantial amount of imported oil and gas machineries is required. Moreover, given the country’s need to develop the oil & gas industry in the coming