The following article lists some simple, informative tips that will help you have a better experience with Piping Material Specification Terms.

Compact Gate Valve

Compact gate valves are used for economic reasons. They are cheaper and weighs lesser. Lesser weight in a piping system means fewer supports and therefore, savings. It is used for small size gate valves up to 1-½” although the standards supports its use up to 2”. This is because most projects have socketwelds only up to 1- ½” NPS. The reference for these valves is API 602.

Full Port(Bore) vs. Reduced Port (Bore) vs. Standard Port(Bore)

The full port valve has an inlet and an outlet size equal to the ball opening size. In contrast, a reduced port has a bigger inlet tapering towards the smaller ball opening. The outlet tapers toward a bigger exit. Standard port is actually another name for reduced port.

Reducers

Reducers may either be concentric or eccentric. However, for small reducers, most often than not, they are concentric because they are made of forged material like A105. With Caltex specifications, small reducers are not distinguished (as to whether they are concentric or eccentric), which can be confusing.

 

Piston Lift

This type of check valve uses the piston in the form of a cylinder, with its lower end shaped to form a seating face. The cylindrical part fits into the shell. The piston must be long enough to ensure that it is well guided over the distance of its travel. Likewise, piston-type check valves shall have an integral or separate guide of sufficient length to ensure effective guidance over the full length of the piston travel.

Tanged Insert

A type of gasket used as a substitute for asbestos.

 

SC, BC

Check valves do not have bonnets, instead covers are used. SC stands for Screwed Cover while BC means Bolted Cover. Screwed Cover is usually used for low pressure service, instrument air and water. Bolted Covers can be used for higher pressure service.

Bonnet

Bonnet is a valve body closure component that contains an opening for the stem. Attachment of bonnet to the body shall be either of the following types:

Bolted bonnet (BB) - A valve construction in which the bonnet is bolted in the body. A mating flange between the body and bonnet shall be installed. This flange shall be of a suitable shape to provide adequate strength. The joint between the body and bonnet shall be of a type that confines the gasket.

Screwed bonnet (SB) - A valve construction in which the body and the bonnet are attached using by a threaded end. There are two types namely:

Threaded-in bonnet - a bonnet that is threaded into the body.

Threaded-over bonnet - a bonnet into which the body is threaded.

Screwed bonnet is mainly used for instrument air, potable water lines and very low pressure service such as CL125 and CL150. Some projects require seal welding for this type of valve construction.

Union bonnet (UB) - A valve bonnet that is fastened to the valve body by means of a union nut. Union bonnet valve construction may be used for very low pressure service.

Welded bonnet (WB) - A valve construction wherein the bonnet is welded to the body. This type of bonnet is rarely used but is applicable for very toxic fluid service (Type M). Maintenance or replacement of the unit is difficult for the welding is uneasy to remove.

Pressure seal bonnet (PSB) - A bonnet closure assembly in which internal fluid pressure force on the bonnet increases the compressive loading on the sealing gasket. This type of assembly is very expensive and usually used for very high pressure services (over 900 psi).

Gland
A part of a valve that provides compression on the packing to prevent leakage.

OS&Y (Outside Screw and Yoke)

A valve design where in the packing is between the stem threads and the valve body. Yoke is a part of a valve assembly used to position the stem nut to mount the valve actuator.

ISS (Inside Screw and Stem)

This assembly is of two types namely:

Inside screw non-rising stem - A type of gate valve design where in the disc rises on the threaded part of the stem instead of the stem rising through the bonnet. The stem does not rise or descend as the stem is turned.

Inside screw rising stem - A type of gate valve or globe valve design where in the stem has both rotary and axial motions and rises as the stem is turned. The stem threads are between the stem packing and closure member.

Stem - a valve component to which motion is impaired outside the valve assembly to move the closure member inside the valve.

Seats

There are two seats in a valve: the disc seat and the body seat. The disc seat is softer and removable. The body seat is usually harder than the disc. All disc seats can be removed unlike body seats.

There's a lot to understand about Piping Material Specification Terms. We were able to provide you with some of the facts above, but there is still plenty more to write about in subsequent articles.

A silencer is a device used for less stringent noise reduction requirements of a refinery plant.  Material for standard silencer is carbon steel.  And for special services such as high temperatures or corrosive medium, heat resistant or alloy materials are being used.
   
HERE ARE TYPICAL INFORMATION TO VENDOR

1. Item No.
2. Quantity
3. Design Condition
* Pressure
* Temperature
4. Size
5. Rating
6. Fluid
7. End Connection
8. Material
9. Location
* Line No.
* Line Class
9. Remarks

SOME SILENCER VENDORS

1. Burgess Miura        http://www.miura-eco.co.jp
2. Shinwa Corp.        http://www.jmia.or.jp
3. AIROIL Flaregas        http://www.energyweb.net
http://www.airoil.it
4. Burgess Manning Ltd.    http://www.energyweb.net
http://petropages.com

Pressure Drop via the Karman Method

Mr. Daan Le Roux of SASOL shares his spreadsheet based on the Karman pressure drop method as featured in the June 2006 edition of CEP Magazine.

Chemical Plant Cost Estimation

Ever wonder what really goes into estimating the cost of a world scale chemical production facility?  Here is a sample of such a spreadsheet used for a project in India.  Build your own from this sample which includes virtually all of the economics that need to be considered.

2005 MS Excel Spreadsheet Competition These are some of the best entries received during the 2005 spreadsheet competition: Steam Tracing (Winner) Vapor Pressure from Antoine Coefficients Column Diameter and HETP Calculation Packed Column Scrubber Design Reactor Particle Size and Velocity Calculation Condensate Line Sizing

Two Phase Flow in Pipes

Download this easy to use spreadsheet to estimate pressure losses in pipes with two-phase flow.

Various Chemical Engineering Calculation Spreadsheets

Zip file with Excel spreadsheets including calculations such as: unsteady state heat transfer, horizontal vessel calibration data, catenary equations, compressible flow calculations, cone and circle geometry, control valve sizing, dewpoints of acidic gases, duct calculations, orifice sizing, packed scrubber design, flat plate deflections, pump performances, and rectangular weir flow.  These spreadsheet provided by Mr. Neil Stone of Esco Engineering.

Filtration Spreadsheets from Dr. Richard Holdich

Calculations include specific surface area, compressible cake at constant pressure, compressible cake at constant flow, power law equation, pressure leaf clarification costing, and rotary vacuum filtration.  Complete with documentation.   Files are in Excel format, download as a zip file.

Vessel Pressure via the SRK Equation of State

Use this Excel spreadsheet to find the pressure inside a vessel via the SRK equation of state (EOS).  Brought to you by the Direction of Software Corner, Somak Mukherjee

Fired Furnace Excess Air Calculation

Calculate the excess air volume required for a hydrocarbon furnace with the Orsat analysis.  Excel spreadsheet provided by the Direction of Software Corner, Somak Mukherjee

Financial Calculation Spreadsheet

You know what a chore it is to optimize a chemical process and get to the bottom line.  Then you make some changes and have to do it all over again.  Here a great spreadsheet that should ease you pain substantially!

Water Properties Program

Download this small helper program so that you have the properties of water at your fingertips.  The link above is a direct link to the executable file.  This program was graciously donated the Resource Page by Pablo Coronel at pcorone@unity.ncsu.edu

Physical Properties DataBank AddIn for Excel

This Excel AddIn contains a moderate databank of chemicals and a nice array of physical properties.  It also contains Excel functions that can be pasted into worksheets (be sure you have one open first).  You'll find the AddIn under the Tools menu.

Units Conversions

These handy little programs are just about everywhere.  There a good and bad side to this one.  The bad side is that is runs in DOS, the good side is that it shows many different conversions at once.

The Reactor Lab

A fantastic program designed to help students gain a better understanding of reactor simulations…and best of all….it's free!

Insulation Calculation Programs

Two programs included to help you with insulation calculations.  The "Economic Thickness Calculator" will recommend the appropriate insulation thickness based on energy savings.  The "Insulated Pipe Temperature Prediction Spreadsheet" will help you predict the temperature inside a pipe and linear heat loss.

Vapor Pressure of Binary Liquid Mixtures

Use this spreadsheet to find the vapor pressure of binary liquid mixtures.   Based on fugacity corrected values from Antoines Law, this spreadsheet give accurate results with minimal inputs.

Physical Property Data Spreadsheet

This spreadsheet for Excel 97 contains data such as boiling and freezing points, critical data, density, vapor and liquid heat capacities, liquid viscosity, vapor pressures, and more for 468 chemicals.

Cooling Tower Calculator

This handy little DOS program will calculate the tower characteristic or cold water temperature for a given cooling tower with just a few inputs.  (See Cooling Tower article here at the "Resource Page")

Pipe Size Optimization for Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes

This simple spreadsheet will calculate the most economical pipe diameter for a system based on flowrate, fluid density, and fluid viscosity.  The sheet is to be used for turbulent flow in carbon or stainless steel pipes.  It is designed to run on Excel 97 or higher and utilizes the Solver function so it must be installed as well.

Validating Binary VLE Data

Check the thermodynamic consistency of your binary VLE data with this easy to follow analysis.  Complete with spreadsheet to save you time!

Costing Distillation Columns

Enter some basic data and this EXCEL ADD-IN will do the rest.  Check out the specifications of the program.

Source:http://www.cheresources.com/software.shtml

 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Water and Steam
Windows 95/98/NT application available at no cost.

Introduction

ChemicaLogic's SteamTab Companion gives you instant access to the complete properties of water and steam. Based on the international standard IAPWS-95 formulation, SteamTab Companion is being made available at no cost. You can download a fully functional version.

Get your free copy today!

SteamTab Companion is a win32 application and will run on any Windows 95/98/NT/XP platform. The SteamTab Companion application is a single executable of about 285 kbytes. (Version 2.0; updated November 25, 2003)

Screen Shots (click on image for a larger view)

Download a full-functional Windows application for the thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam

More Download

Molecular Weight Calculator

Download the molecular weight calculator add-in for Excel or Lotus 1-2-3. [Description]

 

Water Phase Diagram

Sublimation, Saturation and Melting Lines

Phase Diagram Data and Equations (Excel file)

(68 KB. phase_diagram.xls; Updated: October 27, 1999)

Phase Diagram Chart (PDF file)

(8 KB. phase_diagram.pdf; Updated: October 27, 1999)

Carbon Dioxide Phase Diagram

Sublimation, Saturation and Melting Lines

Phase Diagram Data and Equations (Excel file)

(54 KB. co2_phase_diagram.xls; Updated: November 12, 1999)

Phase Diagram Chart (PDF file)

(7 KB. co2_phase_diagram.pdf; Updated: November 12, 1999)

 

Download Documentation

MoistAirTab

MoistAirTab Function Quick Reference Card (PDF file)

(13 KB. moistairtab_reference.pdf; Updated: December: 29, 1998)

SteamTab

SteamTab User's Guide (PDF file)

(420 KB. steamtab_manual.pdf ; Updated: December 29, 1998)

SteamTab Function Quick Reference Card (PDF file)

(15 KB. steamtab_reference.pdf; Updated: December: 29, 1998)

SteamTab Duo

SteamTab Duo User's Guide (PDF file)

(440 KB. stduo_manual.pdf ; Updated: December 29, 1998)

SteamTab Duo Function Quick Reference Card (PDF file)

(17 KB. stduo_reference.pdf; Updated: December: 29, 1998)

SteamTab Quad

SteamTab Quad User's Guide (PDF file)

(xxx KB. stquad_manual.pdf ; Updated: January 20, 1998)

SteamTab Quad Function Quick Reference Card (PDF file)

(18 KB. stquad_reference.pdf; Updated: January 19, 1998)

CO₂Tab

CO₂Tab User's Guide (PDF file)

(268 KB. co2tab_manual.pdf ; Updated: November 12, 1999)

CO₂Tab Function Quick Reference Card (PDF file)

(17 KB. co2tab_reference.pdf; Updated: November 12, 1999)

H₂O Mollier Diagram (Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram)

Based on the Scientific (IAPWS-95) Formulation

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (Excel file)

(342 KB. mollier_chart_metric.xls; Updated: December 30, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-95 formulation.)

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (PDF file)

(62 KB. mollier_chart_metric.pdf; Updated: December 31, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-95 formulation.)

Mollier Chart in English Units (Excel file)

(272 KB. mollier_chart_english.xls; Updated: December 30, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-95 formulation.)

Mollier Chart in English Units (PDF file)

(35 KB. mollier_chart_english.pdf; Updated: December 31, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-95 formulation.)

Based on the Industrial (IAPWS-IF97) Formulation

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (Excel file)

(342 KB. mollier_chart_metric.xls; Updated: December 30, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-IF97 formulation.)

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (PDF file)

(62 KB. mollier_chart_metric.pdf; Updated: December 31, 1998.
Drawn with SteamTab using the IAPWS-IF97 formulation.)

CO₂ Mollier Diagram (Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram)

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (Excel file)

(569 KB. co2_mollier_chart_met.xls; Updated: April 29, 2002.)

Mollier Chart in Metric Units (PDF file)

(34 KB. co2_mollier_chart_met.pdf; Updated: November 12, 1999)

Mollier Chart in English Units (Excel file)

(616 KB. co2_mollier_chart_eng.xls; Updated: April 29, 2002)

Mollier Chart in English Units (PDF file)

(37 KB. co2_mollier_chart_eng.pdf; Updated: November 12, 1999)

Source:http://www.chemicalogic.com/

Loose Flange Bolts at PSV Cause Big Fire ( receive from my friend's emails )

A crude unit at Chevron's Pascagoula refinery experienced a big & costly fire back in August. Some of you have probably already seen photos of this fire (attached). The official investigation report has not yet been issued, but the likely scenario of events leading up to this fire has been informally reported as follows:

    * A 4 X 6" or 6 X 8" PSV (size depends on who you talk to) was removed for routine servicing at last TA but when it was reinstalled, the flange bolts were not properly tightened (maybe only hand tightened)
    * The PSV was not easy to access; the loose PSV inlet flange probably leaked a small amount for quite some time, but the small leak was not detected due to the PSV's location
    * Some time well after TA, the PSV started "simmering" due to system pressures getting close to the PSV set pressure.
    * The simmering of the PSV was just the "right frequency" such that multiple of the loose stud nuts backed off the studs and some nuts fell off completely
    * With missing and very loose nuts, the flange opened up enough to cause a significant release, and the fire pictured. 

Abstract:  The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.

Steels can be classified by a variety of different systems depending on:

• The composition, such as carbon, low-alloy or stainless steel.
• The manufacturing methods, such as open hearth, basic oxygen process, or electric furnace methods.
• The finishing method, such as hot rolling or cold rolling
• The product form, such as bar plate, sheet, strip, tubing or structural shape
• The deoxidation practice, such as killed, semi-killed, capped or rimmed steel
• The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic and martensitic
• The required strength level, as specified in ASTM standards
• The heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching and tempering, and thermomechanical processing
• Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and commercial quality.

Carbon Steels

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:

Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.

Carbon steel can be classified, according to various deoxidation practices, as rimmed, capped, semi-killed, or killed steel. Deoxidation practice and the steelmaking process will have an effect on the properties of the steel. However, variations in carbon have the greatest effect on mechanical properties, with increasing carbon content leading to increased hardness and strength. As such, carbon steels are generally categorized according to their carbon content. Generally speaking, carbon steels contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon steels, medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels, and ultrahigh-carbon steels; each of these designations is discussed below.

As a group, carbon steels are by far the most frequently used steels. More than 85% of the steel produced and shipped in the United States is carbon steel.

Low-carbon steels contain up to 0.30% C. The largest category of this class of steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10% C, with up to 0.4% Mn. Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate, and wire products.

For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased to approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%. These materials may be used for stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plate.

Medium-carbon steels are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%. Increasing the carbon content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered condition. The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings and forgings. Steels in the 0.40 to 0.60% C range are also used for rails, railway wheels and rail axles.

High-carbon steels contain from 0.60 to 1.00% C with manganese contents ranging from 0.30 to 0.90%. High-carbon steels are used for spring materials and high-strength wires.

Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys containing 1.25 to 2.0% C. These steels are thermomechanically processed to produce microstructures that consist of ultrafine, equiaxed grains of spherical, discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels in the normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition.

The HSLA steels have low carbon contents (0.05-0.25% C) in order to produce adequate formability and weldability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0%. Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations.

HSLA Classification:

• Weathering steels, designated to exhibit superior atmospheric corrosion resistance
• Control-rolled steels, hot rolled according to a predetermined rolling schedule, designed to develop a highly deformed austenite structure that will transform to a very fine equiaxed ferrite structure on cooling
• Pearlite-reduced steels, strengthened by very fine-grain ferrite and precipitation hardening but with low carbon content and therefore little or no pearlite in the microstructure
• Microalloyed steels, with very small additions of such elements as niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium for refinement of grain size and/or precipitation hardening
• Acicular ferrite steel, very low carbon steels with sufficient hardenability to transform on cooling to a very fine high-strength acicular ferrite structure rather than the usual polygonal ferrite structure
• Dual-phase steels, processed to a micro-structure of ferrite containing small uniformly distributed regions of high-carbon martensite, resulting in a product with low yield strength and a high rate of work hardening, thus providing a high-strength steel of superior formability.

The various types of HSLA steels may also have small additions of calcium, rare earth elements, or zirconium for sulfide inclusion shape control.

Low-alloy Steels

Low-alloy steels constitute a category of ferrous materials that exhibit mechanical properties superior to plain carbon steels as the result of additions of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Total alloy content can range from 2.07% up to levels just below that of stainless steels, which contain a minimum of 10% Cr.

For many low-alloy steels, the primary function of the alloying elements is to increase hardenability in order to optimize mechanical properties and toughness after heat treatment. In some cases, however, alloy additions are used to reduce environmental degradation under certain specified service conditions.

As with steels in general, low-alloy steels can be classified according to:

• Chemical composition, such as nickel steels, nickel-chromium steels, molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum steels
• Heat treatment, such as quenched and tempered, normalized and tempered, annealed.

Because of the wide variety of chemical compositions possible and the fact that some steels are used in more than one heat-treated, condition, some overlap exists among the alloy steel classifications. In this article, four major groups of alloy steels are addressed: (1) low-carbon quenched and tempered (QT) steels, (2) medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels, (3) bearing steels, and (4) heat-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels.

Low-carbon quenched and tempered steels combine high yield strength (from 350 to 1035 MPa) and high tensile strength with good notch toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, or weldability. The various steels have different combinations of these characteristics based on their intended applications. However, a few steels, such as HY-80 and HY-100, are covered by military specifications. The steels listed are used primarily as plate. Some of these steels, as well as other, similar steels, are produced as forgings or castings.

Medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels are structural steels with yield strengths that can exceed 1380 MPa. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations or are proprietary compositions. Product forms include billet, bar, rod, forgings, sheet, tubing, and welding wire.

Bearing steels used for ball and roller bearing applications are comprised of low carbon (0.10 to 0.20% C) case-hardened steels and high carbon (-1.0% C) through-hardened steels. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations.

Chromium-molybdenum heat-resistant steels contain 0.5 to 9% Cr and 0.5 to 1.0% Mo. The carbon content is usually below 0.2%. The chromium provides improved oxidation and corrosion resistance, and the molybdenum increases strength at elevated temperatures. They are generally supplied in the normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered or annealed condition. Chromium-molybdenum steels are widely used in the oil and gas industries and in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.

Via: http://www.key-to-steel.com/ViewArticle.asp?ID=62#top

This is a list of some code and standard name for piping engineer.The details of each code you need to refer individual.We don't provide details.This is a list for reference only

CODE AND STANDARD FOR PIPING ENGINEER
STANDARD	TITLE DETAILS
ASME	AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
ASME B1.1	Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
ASME B1.20.1	Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
ASME B16.1	Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.10	Face-to face and End to End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.11	Forged Fittings, Socket-Weldinmg and Threaded
ASME B16.14	Ferruos Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME B16.15	Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
ASME B16.20	Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and Jacketed
ASME B16.21	Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.24	Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.25	Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.28	Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
ASME B16.34	Valve -Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
ASME B16.36	Orifice Flanges
ASME B16.39	Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions
ASME B16.4	Gray iron Threaded Fittings
ASME B16.42	Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.47	Large Diameter Steel Flanges
ASME B16.48	Steel Line Blanks
ASME B16.49	Factory Made Wrought Steel Butuwelding Induction Bends for Transportation & Distribution System
ASME B16.5	Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.9	Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B18.2.1	Square and Hex. Bolts and Screws, Inch Series
ASME B18.2.2	Square and Hex. Nuts
ASME B18.21	Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch Series
ASME B18.22	Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series)
ASME B31.1	Power Piping
ASME B31.3	Process Piping
ASME B31.4	Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other Liquids
ASME B31.8	Gas Transmission Distribution and Piping Systems
ASME B36.10	Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.10M	Welded and Seamless Wrought Stell Pipe
ASME B36.19	Stainless Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M	Stainless Steel Pipe
ASME B46.1	Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
ASTM	AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS
ASTM VOL 00.01	Index
ASTM VOL 01.01	Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings
ASTM VOL 01.02	Ferrous Castings; Ferro alloy
ASTM VOL 01.03	Steel - Plates, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel bar